OR (odds ratio), 94–96, 181–183, 266–267

or rule, 31

order of operation, 24

ordinal data, 102

ordinary multiple linear regression model. See multiple regression

ordinary regression, 210

outcome, 208

outcomerelated measurements,

64

outliers, 229

overall accuracy, 185

P

p value

definition of, 41, 242

determining, 165–167

evaluating, 42, 144, 147–157, 226–227, 340

from the HL test,

259

paired t test, 148

paired values, 363

parabolic relationship, 214, 252–253

parallel design, 65

parameters, 33–34, 77, 208, 279

parametric tests, 48–49

parsimonious models, 293

parsimony, 293

participant identification (ID), 240

participant study identifier, 104

participants. See also sample size; samples

enrolling, 68

protection for, 71–73

selecting, 64–65, 236–237

PatSat, 106

PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 184

Pearson, Karl (biostatistician), 161